Carlos Fuentes Macias

Key Facts About Edmonton, the Capital of Alberta

Key Facts About Edmonton, the Capital of Alberta Edmonton is the capital city of the province of Alberta, Canada. Sometimes called Canadas Gateway to the North, Edmonton is the farthest north of Canadas large cities and has important road, rail and air transportation links. About Edmonton, Alberta From its beginnings as a Hudsons Bay Company fur trading fort, Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmontons population works in the service and trade industries, as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments. Location of Edmonton Edmonton is located on the North Saskatchewan River, near the center of the province of Alberta. You can see  more about the city in these maps of  Edmonton. It is the northernmost large city in Canada and, therefore, the northernmost city in North America. Area Edmonton is 685.25 sq. km (264.58 sq. miles), according to Statistics Canada. Population As of the 2016 Census, Edmontons population was 932,546 people, making it the second-largest city in Alberta, after Calgary. It is the fifth-largest city in Canada. More Edmonton City Facts Edmonton was incorporated as a town in 1892 and as a city in 1904. Edmonton became the capital city of Alberta in 1905. Government of City of Edmonton Edmonton municipal elections are held every three years on the third Monday in October. The last Edmonton municipal election was held on Monday, Oct. 17, 2016, when Don Iveson was re-elected as mayor. The city council of Edmonton, Alberta is made up of 13 elected representatives: one mayor and 12 city councilors. Edmonton Economy Edmonton is a hub for the oil and gas industry (hence the name of its National Hockey League team, the Oilers). It is also well-regarded for its research and technology industries. Edmonton Attractions Major attractions in Edmonton include West Edmonton Mall (the largest mall in North America), Fort Edmonton Park, the Alberta Legislature, the Royal Alberta Museum, Devonian Botanic Garden and the Trans Canada Trail. There are also several sports arenas, including Commonwealth Stadium, Clarke Stadium and Rogers Place. Edmonton Weather Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Summers in Edmonton are hot and sunny. Although July is the month with the most rain, showers and thunderstorms are usually short. July and August have the warmest temperatures, with highs around 75 F (24 C). Summer days in June and July in Edmonton bring 17 hours of daylight. Winters in Edmonton are less severe than in many other Canadian cities, with low humidity and less snow. Although the winter temperature can dip to -40 C/F, the cold spells last only a few days and usually come with sunshine. January is the coldest month in Edmonton, and the wind chill can make it feel much colder.

Portfolio 02243 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portfolio 02243 - Essay Example Thus, our family have to learn English for meeting the global requirement. However, being the native peoples we were facing the challenges of speaking English correctly. In terms of learning English or other foreign languages like German and Spanish my Mandarin pronunciation got inaccurate and my parents helped me a lot to rectify the languages (Grainger, 2014). My education emphasised on the first language Mandarin which is my native language. I have faced multilingual issues in the Jiangsu are different languages are used by the local peoples. I observed that the maximum peoples of my school are using Mandarin languages, some of them using English, German and Spanish to communicate with the others. From the age of 12, I selected German as my second foreign language. However, I faced intense complexity in learning the foreign language in classrooms. Major I faced problem was the accent of German language. Very less number of peoples was using the language thus I did not have the scope of learning the methods of oral communication. Teachers were just teaching us the methods like paraphrase of Chinese and German, and some basic grammars. I have started to communicate with European classmates to improve my accent of English and German. Discussion helped me to gain insight on various critical incidences and cross cultural traits. The discussion of CT 5 provided me with the details of Mr J and Mr S. From the discussion it is observed that Mr J is working in a foreign country which unfamiliar to him as per the culture and languages. Mr J took the help of the Mr S to understand the culture of the new country. However, it is also observed that the culture of Mr S is empowering the hangouts and spending time with friends and acquaintance. They can interact with the immigrant or the foreign country members very easily and they are very helpful (Beausaert, Segers and Gijselaers, 2011). Culture of the country

Team Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team Leadership - Case Study Example Furthermore, the team lacks excellence standards through which individual performance can be assessed. Individual performance should be established at each level in order to identify and correct any wrong doings (Martin 253). With lack of such essential qualities of effective teamwork, it can really be very difficult for the team to attain its goals. Jim should intervene immediately if he wants his team to achieve effectively and with ease its goals. Since his group comprises of individuals with very high expertise, Jim can utilize this opportunity and intervene from within. As an executive leader he should have a clear SWOT analysis of his team in order to approach situations strategically. This will help him to utilize every opportunity/strength the team is exposed to appropriately while avoiding the team weaknesses as well as overcoming the threats. Nevertheless, his intervention should be task oriented even though relational actions may also come into play at times (Martin 254). Jim’s group seems to have no problem with their leader but rather have a problem with what they are expected to do. Jim should define to each individual clearly what he expects of him/her and the exact goal they are expected to achieve. ... Structuring here implies that members’ strengths as well as weaknesses needs to be studied in order for each member to be allocated what they can do best. Decision making is also of equal importance in the process of leading, as it facilitates the process of attaining results. Jim should also ensure that standards are maintained at every step through a constant monitoring and evaluation process. A close analysis of the group will enable him to identify any misunderstandings within the group, and rectify them before they become a major problem. Local Cancer Health Team Teamwork is all about proper communication, listening and understanding each other. Without these qualities group effectiveness which plays a critical role in teamwork is not going to be achieved. Team effectiveness aims at ensuring that tasks are accomplished within the stipulated time, as well as maintaining a strong teamwork. This team may actually fail to accomplish their vision due to poor developments withi n the team. Each individual should be accorded respect in what she/he has been allocated in the team and no one should feel superior over the other. Since within this team other members feel that they know more than others, the team is likely to lack cohesiveness as conflicts may arise (Martin 255). In this team problems are arising from both internal tasks and relations since the two exist co-currently. Conflicts resulting from tasks are likely to spread to internal relations where other team members will feel undermined. As much as it is team work, no one should be looked down upon since it is expected that duty allocation is based on specialty. Doctors in this team however are overstepping their mandate to an extent that they are

Metaphors on Teens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Metaphors on Teens - Essay Example Communicating with your teenager on a regular basis Communication is blinding family with love, care, support, and bringing a parent-teen relationship to harmonious respect. Teens are spending less time talking with their parents and more time with peers, deteriorating and disconnecting their relationship. In this scenario, communication is needed to prevent relationship from being torn. Just as food and air are necessary for human survival, so is communication necessary for the development and sustainment of a relationship. Thus, communication is like a bridge that connects two separate ways into one. Communication is a tool for showing love and interest, resolving conflicts and issues and a means of building close relationships. As supported by Norbeck and Fitzpatrick (125), in a parent and adolescent relationship communication is a commonplace means of understanding. Meanwhile, teens of today are more exposed to negative influences through factors such as technology and peer press ure --destructing powers that increase as time ages. Therefore, teens must be parented properly and should be treated and comforted like a pillow. How to parent your teens with love and compassion Children are highly precious people to their parents’ lives. ... â€Å"Am I a controlling parent? Do I listen to my child?† parents often wonder. Parents, especially those who are autocratic, want their teens to follow every command and rule they impose. However, just as if too much weight is placed on a bridge it will break, so will parents acting too strictly result in cracks in the relationship. Indeed, if parents are too strict in not considering teens’ feelings, desires and opinions, conflict may arise. Parents must show love and compassion to their teens despite disobedience. Teens want to be loved and cared by parents, and see their parents as their protective shield when it rains. There are many ways parents can show love and compassion to their teens. According to Taylor (2005), parents must teach love and compassion so that teens understand its essence. Second, parents must plan activities that establish compassion and increase love, such as family outings, family prayer and scripture study, and watching movies together etc . Meanwhile, teens might get mistaken, so it is a perfect time for parents to show love and compassion through comforting, teaching teens how to make decisions, and â€Å"encouraging them to rise after having stumbled down.† How to parent the stubborn and argumentative teenager through peer pressure At their age, teens are like the ball that keeps on rolling. Peer pressure greatly influences teens’ behavior as they might apply what they have learned from peers. Some teens are stubborn and very augmentative. Parents of this kind have hard times negotiating with them. According to Thompson (2006) some teens often love to argue and persist in their ideas. They want to be always right, and do the things they want. Parents want the best for them, so generally what they consider is the best and

The Success Of The Woman In Black

The Success Of The Woman In Black Susan Hills novel The Woman in Black was written in the Gothic tradition. Specifically, she wanted to write a Victorian Ghost story, even though her novel was written in modern times. Stephen Mallatratt, in adapting the novel into a play, wanted to stay within the novels tradition, especially by focusing on terror instead of horror: Darkness is a powerful ally of terror; something glimpsed in a corner is far more frightening than if its fully observed. The play contains many classic Gothic elements, including: Tension, True story, Sounds, Whispers, Bangs, Ghost/Person to get scared, Darkness and a House/lonely place. The Woman in Black is a scary gothic play. Stephen Mallatratt, the playwright, achieves a terrifying effect through writing an effective mise-en-scene. These include the setting, lighting, props, sound, the text and stage directions for actors, these combine and make a nerve shredding experience Stephen Mallatratt also uses lighting effectively, this is seen in (p40) when Kipps takes up the torch and moves outside, fade to black-out on stage this is very daunting as the stage is pitch black you dont know what is going to happen next, this creates a mysterious setting and truly nerve-shredding experience for the audience. In addition, another area the light was used effectively was the scene that when Kipps is looking for Spider in act III. The Woman in Black is in the nursery where it is light however, she is outside the light, yet we see her as a crow-like silhouette, violently flapping in the dark. The use of light plays on the audiences emotions; as we are conditioned to believe black represents evil and light represents good. One of the techniques that the author uses to make the play nerve-shredding is sound. For example, as the noise of the ponys hooves gets louder and louder as if its coming closer, a childs cry rises to a scream of terror which is then choked and drowned. The audience should feel the fear and worry of what was going to happen next. Another example is seen in the play for example when the Market noises fade and foot steps echo (p19) Mallatratt uses this to show the audience that the scene is taking place out side and to give a chilling, eerie affect on the audience. As The lighting dims slightly to give filtered effect through trees. They walk on, which creates an atmosphere to the scene. This includes, a moody and foggy setting, however, Kipps and Mr Daily acts as if they are going into a church, Kipps I take it she is to be buried in the churchyard? discussing about The Woman in Black. The stage props were minimal due to the limited amount of space at the theatre. Therefore, the props that were used had to create maximum effect. These included, a wicker basket, clothes hanging on a rail and chair for the actors to sit on. The wicker basket was used as a prop to illustrate a train carriage, a bed, horse carriage and a desk. The clothes rail was situated up stage and never moved from its position. The purpose of this prop was to illustrate a cloak room. The chair was used by the actors to portray someone sitting on a train. Alternatively, as piece of furniture in a room; for example, a desk chair or an arm chair. In the play Mallatratt only uses three actors. Kipps plays many roles, his main is narrating the story; however, Kipps also plays Keckwick and Mr Daily. This is due to Kipps not feeling confident enough to tell his story; therefore he tells an actor who plays Mr Kipps. Whilst he is telling the actor the audience become aware of his story through the actor. The Woman in Black is the final actress; she is used for effect as the actress has no lines. The main purpose of this actress is to create fear in the audience. The audience on view her when Mallatratt is creating terror. There are very thorough stage directions given throughout the play from the skip he takes out the bottle of brandy and a glass and pours himself a largish measure. This is an example of the detail Mallatratt uses in his stage directions. Therefore, any director could re-capture the same effects from his stage directions. Furthermore, his stage directions include lighting and sound effects the lights have dimmed to virtual darkness. This illustrates that Mallatratt uses light to give an illusion or effect of eeriness and emotions of fear to the audience. The director uses sound for effect as the sound fades down, changes apparent direction, swirls and fades as if carried on the mist. He use of sound fading, gives the illusion that the fog is dispersing. In conclusion, I feel Mallatratts play was a truly nerve-shredding experience. His use of lighting when the Woman in Black was on stage was classic. The experience made my skin crawl and my hair stand on end. The sound created an atmosphere of terror, the most effective scene was the sound used to recreate the ponys hooves. Mallatratt truly made me feel that a horse and carriage was entering the stage through the sounds effects. However, I feel he could have used more props to give more effect. An example includes a silhouette of the little boy. By using three actors Mallatratt has still captures Kipps story. I suggest that due to his precise and detailed stage directions any other director could be re-capture the essence of his play. Overall, I found the theatre experience far better than reading the play due to being part of the atmosphere.

operations of Congress Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, there have been many factors that seem to have influenced the operations of Congress. Some of these factors have been the committee system, seniority, and political parties. These are only a few of the factors that actually have an influence on Congress’s decisions of certain operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first factor that seems to have influenced the operations of Congress is the committee system. Congress has four different types of committees. The four committees are the joint committees, conference committees, standing committees, and select committees. The standing committee has an influence on Congress because of the fact that they have jurisdiction over all the bills of a given type. Select committees, however, influence congress because since they study and investigate rather than consider legislation, congress has to take into consideration of who is making sure that they have to make careful decisions with these operations with according to what is considered â€Å"right and wrong†. The joint committee has to give a full congressional overview to a complex subject to Congress and to the public. This influence congress because again it shows Congress that they are being watched and cannot make any decisions that might seem unfair or unfit. Both houses because they were created to make sure that both the House and the Senate agree on passing a bill, or for them to produce a version that would pass the Conference committee influences co... operations of Congress Essay -- essays research papers Throughout history, there have been many factors that seem to have influenced the operations of Congress. Some of these factors have been the committee system, seniority, and political parties. These are only a few of the factors that actually have an influence on Congress’s decisions of certain operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first factor that seems to have influenced the operations of Congress is the committee system. Congress has four different types of committees. The four committees are the joint committees, conference committees, standing committees, and select committees. The standing committee has an influence on Congress because of the fact that they have jurisdiction over all the bills of a given type. Select committees, however, influence congress because since they study and investigate rather than consider legislation, congress has to take into consideration of who is making sure that they have to make careful decisions with these operations with according to what is considered â€Å"right and wrong†. The joint committee has to give a full congressional overview to a complex subject to Congress and to the public. This influence congress because again it shows Congress that they are being watched and cannot make any decisions that might seem unfair or unfit. Both houses because they were created to make sure that both the House and the Senate agree on passing a bill, or for them to produce a version that would pass the Conference committee influences co...

Science a Curse or a Blessing

We cannot Say for certain whether science is a curse or a blessing. it is our use of science which would make science a curse or a Blessing . First let us see how man has used science for his good so that it has become a blessing for him. it is science that has provided modern man the life of ease, leisure and pleasure. It has brought within reach of the common man comforts and luxuries which were available in the past only to a privileged few.Science has invented marvelous machines. It has discovered energies which run these machines. The machines have taken drudgery out of work. Distance has been conquered. Modern means of transport and communication have made the word shrink in size. Men and things and news and views can go around the globe today with lightning speed. Man has already landed on the moon and a man-made satellite has just completed it’s voyage through the solar system.Our life has become healthier and longer. Modern hygiene, sanitation, medicine and surgery ar e conquering more and more physical and mental ills day by day. We now know and experience the joys of good health and longevity. Through the cinema and the video, the TV and the tape-reorder, science has worked wonders in the spheres of education and entertainment.Though we welcome these blessing of science, we have to consider the darker side of the picture also. Machines have led to unemployment. They have polluted water and atmosphere. Thy have caused noise pollution. Factories have led to slums where human beings live in squalor. Our moral and spiritual progress has failed to keep pace with our scientific progress. We have allowed science to master us instead of using it as our servant.Machines make us mechanical, deaden our sensibilities, stifle our creative talents, force mechanical regularity, uniformity and boredom upon us, increase our wants and desires, and tend to make us selfish, greedy and cruel. Geographical distance has, no doubt, vanished, but the gulf between the m inds and hearts of man has widened.Machines have given man leisure, but man misuses it to get cheap and vulgar entertainment which destroys his physical and mental health. Again, science  has put in our hands such fiendish weapons as the nuclear bomb, the guided missile and means of chemical and biological warfare. We are in danger of destroying ourselves with these monstrous means which, ironically, are our own creations. Rightly used science can bring heaven on earth. Wrongly used, it can trun this earth in to hell by destroying civilization.

Decision Analysis in Strategic Management

Decision Analysis in Strategic Management Introduction Organizational management requires rational decision-making processes. Particularly, this is more evident within the present competitive business environment. There are several methodologies applicable in the analysis of business decisions. Indicatively, the decisions play significant roles in the development of an organization (Hodgkinson Starbuck 2008, p. 56).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Decision Analysis in Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also influence the welfare of all stakeholders. The stakeholders might include the customers and internal employees. The management has the responsibility of making rational decisions. Presently, there is an increase in the participatory models. The highly liberalized society contributes to these notable transformations. There are organizational decisions that may relate to customers and employees. Alternatively, these decisions might appertain to the processes of organizational resource management. These decisions form critical domains in strategic management processes (Shapira 2002, p. 23). This report focuses on the analysis of the consequences of key organizational decisions. In achieving this objective, the report examines three important perspectives. These are applicable in decision-making processes. These include the modern, symbolic-interpretive and the postmodern perspectives. There is an eminent organizational decision relating to the expansion of major business operations. Modernist Analysis There are critical decisions involved in the expansion of organizational processes. An application of modernist principle in the analysis of these decisions is appropriate. Foremost, it is vital to examine the meaning of the modernist principle for decision-making. Notably, the modernist principle embeds in the concept of enlightenment. According to this theoretical argument, progress roots from principle empiric al knowledge (Monahan 2000, p. 23). Apart from this, an approach of rationality process remains appropriate. There are notable subdivisions of the general modernist principle. There is a general systems model. This model postulates that the explanations on empirical or social occurrence may base on systems. Particularly, this relates to the systems governed through regulations and frameworks. Apart from this, there is a socio-technical systems model. Principally, this model applies to the human behavior. Contingency theory is the last explanative model in the modernist concept.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidently, many managers apply this concept during crisis management situations. The concept stipulates that there is no any best methodology to organize (Bubnicki 2003, p. 34). However, according to this concept, the most applicable methodology depends on th e particular circumstance. The decisions made within organizations are critical. This is because these decisions might affect the cultural, political and technological elements. There might be other significant implications within different fields. An application of the modernist principle in the analysis of these implications is vital. A firm’s decision to expand its operations might have significant implications on the general environment. Specifically, these might include both the internal and the external environments. To begin with, the organization must consider the availability of the appropriate resources. Resources may include financial, human resources and other pertinent enabling factors. The contingency theory may be applicable in evaluating the possibilities of engaging different available resources (Shapira 2002, p. 89). According to this principle, the organization does not need to struggle to generate unavailable resources. Rather, the possible developments mu st occur in relation to the relevant context. This principle assumes the application of planning and rational budgeting. Ideally, the consequences of these assumptions might be detrimental to the organization. For instance, it might lack the required resources to remunerate all its workers. Apart from this, it might also lack the capacity to sustain most of its business or organizational operations. The application of general systems model may depict important revelations. This is because the system relies on the respect for regulations (Shapira 2002, p. 90). According to this theoretical view, it is important to recognize the importance of drafting policies and frameworks. These must dictate organizational operations. Expansion processes might affect the external environments. Indicatively, there is an urge to observe the relevant policies applicable in the business environment. There are several important regulations that countercheck the operations within the business environment . These may relate to tax policies, employment regulations, market operations and other important aspects (Thomas 2012, p. 139). Government and other private agencies participate in the establishment of these policies. Additionally, they also monitor their implementation and compliance.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Decision Analysis in Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that there are regulations that relate to the internal and external operations. Internal operations are pertinent to organizational procedures and practices. On the other hand, the external regulations concern the issues of public policy and governance. It is important to comply with all the relevant external regulations. These frameworks might outline processes and guidelines appropriate for business investment and operations. The compliance helps to avoid future cases of deterrence and hindrances withi n business operations. It also ensures the legality of all business operations. Through observation of legal policies, the basic human entitlements and liberties must have consideration. In this respect, the fundamental liberties of the human resource or personnel within the organizations are valued. There are notable positive influences from this observation. These include positive perform and employee welfare. Strategic management encourages the formulation of transformational policies within organizations. These are important because they guide the operations of the organization. This is toward the effective attainment of collective organizational goals. Therefore, the application of the principle remains appropriate. Business organizations cannot operate within illegal contexts. This is applicable within the general environment and social structure. The legal environment requires maximum application and observation. The general systems theory applies to the observation of all th e internal and external guidelines. However, the comprehensive observation of this principle might also cause negative influences. The business organizations might face notable delimitations in the successful establishment of new ventures. Particularly, this may be due to regulatory restrictions on important factors. These might include restrictions on resource allocation, extent of business operations and employee engagement (Monahan 2000, p. 73). Business organizations depict tendencies to avoid adherence to stringent regulations. Therefore, the consequences of observation of these policies bear both negative and constructive influences. The socio-technical systems explanative model is applicable in the analysis of this decision. The explanative model stipulates the significance of observing human behavior.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An adequate comprehension of human behavior is important in developing rational decisions. This is because the consequences of these decisions mostly affect human beings. For instance, the employees are internal stakeholders that are likely to gain or suffer from the consequences (Bubnicki 2003, p. 60). Other external stakeholders must also realize full engagement in these decision processes. Observably, no business organizations can operate without regarding the requirements of all its stakeholders. This concept is applicable both to the internal and external stakeholders. The organization must consider the engagement of the behavior and feelings of stakeholders. Principally, this applies to the establishment and development of new operations. This process is important in several ways. The process enables the successful assessment of the competency of the workers to dedicate their strengths and capacities. This is appropriate for the operation and success of the new business ventur e. Human beings form critical components of the environment. This applies both to the social and business conditions. Therefore, there is relative significance in the comprehension and analysis of their behavior. The basic principle is that human behaviors have significant influences on the success of basic organizational decisions (Shapira 2002, p. 97). Therefore, the principle remains appropriate in the analysis of the consequences of these decisions. The modernist explanative model is important for the analysis of the consequences of the decisions to expand business organizations. The expansion processes within business organizations involve the integration of diverse cultures. Evidently, multicultural factors have significant influences in the success of business operations. In order to succeed, the application of socio-technical systems theory remains appropriate. Analytically, this process relates to the understanding and manipulation of basic cultural factors. This is because they have considerable influences on the organizational operations. Positive organizational culture is pertinent to the success of most organizations. The theory reiterates the importance of engaging human behavior. Its application also results into the development of a positive workforce. The workforce depicts the competency to operate effectively within multicultural environments. Harmonizing multicultural disparities remain as a critical tool for success. However, this initiative requires adequate time and consideration. This observation enables the business organization to develop a positive workforce. Human behavior has an important contribution in the development of positive work culture (Monahan 2000, p. 101). Therefore, the socio-technical systems may be best applicable in the analysis. It is noteworthy to indicate the wide diversities of components within the general environment. It encompasses a great deal of factors that have the capacity to influence basic organizationa l processes. The contingency model is most appropriate within emergencies. It is appropriate for crisis management. The expected consequences may not be positive or compliant with organizational best practices and policies. This is because the critical decisions occur haphazardly. There is an eminent lack of consultation. Consequently, the important stakeholders are not involved in major decisions. Therefore, an element of partiality and assumption of important factors might emanate. This is usually observable at the end of the implementation process. For instance, the organization might discover that it lacks the adequate personnel or finances to steer its new ventures. This is more likely to cause failures and disagreements within the relevant teams. Therefore, there are only two theories of the modernist approach that may be applicable in the analysis of this situation (Bubnicki 2003, p. 84). These include the general systems and the socio-technical theories. Their application re sults into positive results. The consideration of human behavior and legal frameworks is important in any decision process. This includes the decision-making processes that might have remarkable impacts on the external or internal environments. However, the applicability of contingency model in decision processes that occur in emergencies remains important. This is because the management within any organization is already prepared to handle the negative consequences. Generally, the modernist concept reiterates the significance of rationality (Thomas 2012, p. 139). The subjective indulgence of this principle in management and decision making processes have both beneficial and negative consequences. It is upon the decision makers to adopt the most appropriate system in decision approaches. This observation defines the basic principle of strategic management. Organizations must have the adequate preparations to deal with the consequences of their decisions. Symbolic-interpretive Critiq ue The modernist perspective is not the sole approach to decision making. The process has observable limitations within diverse contexts. These shortcomings are avoidable through the application of other theoretical models (Green Li 2011, p. 1665). A symbolic interpretive perspective provides a typical alternative. The modernist explanative model relies singularly on the idea of empiricism. This involves the application of logical scientific processes in the evaluation of human factors. The factors might include a variety of elements such as intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors. Analytically, there are potential doubts concerning this approach. Foremost, individuals lack the audacity to analyze and interpret the cultures and behavior through their personal cultural lens. An organization’s decision to expand might stir different reactions amongst employees (Jacobs 2012, p. 4). However, the management lacks the capacity to empirically investigate and analyze these feelings. In th is context, it is obvious that the application of the modernist systems is vain. The basic reason for the interpretation of other people’s views might be misconstruing. The system might cause subjective ruling and dictatorship on individuals. Therefore, in many situations, decisions based on the modernist system have the potential of causing irrational consequences (Powell 2004, p. 45). Concerning the expansion decision of the organization, the symbolic –interpretive perspective is best applicable. Particularly, this regards to the analysis of potential consequences of general organizational decisions. This is because there are factors that exist in solitary form within the general environment. Ideally, there is no any solitary right idea. This is because notable factors within the environment are a makeup of the social interactions of individual characteristics and behavior. The modernist principle forces individuals and organizations to have positive convictions on o ne particular element or process. Although it might illuminate an element of freedom, the fundamental expressive human liberties remain narrowed. This is not appropriate for effective development and performance of organizations. An analysis of the renowned social construction theory indicates potential negative implications of the modernist approach to decision-making processes (Jacobs 2012, p. 15). There are notable social realities and influences within the general environment. This might also be applicable within the business situations. The interrelation of these factors leads to the development of common social patterns within the environment. Individual behaviors influence the general societal practices and beliefs. The modernist principle may be applicable in imposing individually derived decisions and principles on others. However, there are other viable alternatives. These include the use of multiple interpretations. The organization must endeavour to comprehend how the pa rticular natives influence their domains (Powell 2004, p. 78). This applies to all organizational members. This means that the management must focus on providing opportunities for members to elucidate their views on important decisions. In particular, the views must appertain to the indicated decision of increasing or expanding the organization’s operational base. The institutional theories reiterate the importance of considering a positive approach towards successful individual sociological understanding. Generally, the organizations’ decision to expand its processes and operations must base on realities. In this context, the application of symbols is preferable (Jacobs 2012, p. 24). This is relative to the use of the modernist approach in decision-making processes. Through the observation of symbols, the stakeholders affected by the organization’s decision to expand may learn several lessons. For instance, they might have the capacity to assess the expected be nefits or disadvantages associated. Particularly, this relates to the impacts allied to the decision-making and change processes within their organizations. It is important for the general humanity to gain an adequate comprehension of how social processes are appropriate (Green Li 2011, p. 1696). Especially, this applies to the derivation of basic meanings and implications on processes. Therefore, the symbolic-interpretive perspective remains more appropriate for rational decision processes within organizations. Postmodern Critique A Postmodern perspective might be applicable in the analysis of an organization’s decision to expand. Evidently, this approach heavily relies on the concept of philosophical comprehension. According to the perspective, a mere simplification process is not appropriate for any decision process (Feldman 2000, p. 45). It is important to put philosophical inquests in the analysis of the general social or cultural factors. This is appropriate for some o f the factors that have the capacity to influence the decision process. Certain environmental factors might cause significant influences on decision processes. These include both the internal and outdoor environmental factors. These conditions range from the business, regulatory, human and cultural influences. As indicated in the postmodern perspective, organizations must not worry about environmental situations. This is because of many important reasons. For instance, the philosophical fundamentals within the model indicate that the fixed external realities never exist. Instead, most of the perceived factors remain as images or reflections that dictate the manner of performing particular duties. The general implication is that business organizations must not focus on less intricate external factors that influence their operations. Instead, much concern is required for the more tangible and eminent internal organizational influences or factors (Scherer Palazzo 2011, p. 920). This i s because they depict momentous manipulations on the overall business processes. The sociological observations on issues relating to cultures and individual behavior are all in vain. This is because they are less likely to influence the outcomes of most critical decisions. The social construction is more disjointed. In addition, it holds limited value and influence on organizational processes. Therefore, the decisions to expand operations are more likely to enable the organization to succeed and attain more transformative results. However, the theory denotes the importance of observing internal tangible factors. This is applicable within all the decision-making mechanisms. The notable external factors have negligible influences on the organization’s decision to perform (Levy 2010, p.380). Consequently, the belief on empirical knowledge as indicated within the modernist principle does not apply. The postmodern perspective provides for a unique perception on the concept of know ledge. The application of knowledge might not be helpful in the decision making process. Additionally, this might also relate to the analysis of the outcomes of these decisions within organizations. The concept is applicable to both the business and non-profit organizations within different environmental conditions. The application of knowledge in these processes may lead to diverse negative implications. For example, it causes the creation and development of interest groups. These are likely to lead organizations to stray conditions. Apart from this, it may also cause the neglect of other categories of personalities. This causes disparities and hinders collective achievement of organizational goals (Levy 2010, p.386). Decisions that depend on the premise of knowledge and empiricism cause partial marginalization of certain groups of personalities. Knowledge must not bear an element of exclusion of particular groups. Rather, it must involve a collective inclusion. This concept exists in the definition of knowledge itself. Knowledge is a process that entails the domestic agreement about certain identifiable realties within the general community. Therefore, this explanation process reiterates the significance of collective participation and consultation in decision-making initiatives. This is because knowledge is a communally owned and shared concept. Power must derive from meanings and general familiarity. Therefore, it is impossible to underestimate the significance of individual or group experiences in the development of rational decisions (Scherer Palazzo 2011, p. 929). The concept emphasizes on the need to base decision initiatives on learning processes. This is because of the importance of familiarity and experience on knowledge. The role of cultures and discursive processes in enhancing familiarity during decision processes remain critical. Indeed, the postmodern perspective provides a typical and practical application in the analysis of the outcomes of a decision. Conclusion Decision-making is a critical initiative in strategic managment. Presently, organizations recognize the need to adopt transformative decision processes. This explains the need to evaluate the different theories applicable in decision-making. The report examines critical elements within three basic theoretical models. These include the modernist, postmodern and symbolic-interpretive theoretical models. All of these explanative models have significant influences on organizational decisions. Generally, environmental factors have remarkable influences on the expansion of business operations. These influences require analysis using the various theoretical models. List of References Bubnicki, Z 2003, Analysis and decision making in uncertain systems, Springer, London. Feldman, M 2000, American legal thought from premodernism to postmodernism: an intellectual voyage, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. Green E Li, Y 2011, Rhetorical Institutionalism: Language, Agency, and Structure in Institutional Theory since Alvesson 1993, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 48, no. 7, pp.1662–1697. Hodgkinson, P Starbuck, H 2008, The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jacobs, K 2012, Making Sense of Social Practice: Theoretical Pluralism in Public Sector Accounting Research, Financial Accountability Management, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–25. Levy, Y 2010, The Essence of the â€Å"Market Army,† Public Administration Review, vol. 70 no. 3, pp. 378–389. Monahan, E 2000, Management decision making: spreadsheet modeling, analysis, and application, Cambridge Univ. Pr., Cambridge. Powell, A 2004, A rhetoric of symbolic identity: an analysis of Spike Lees X and Bamboozled, U.P. of America, Dallas. Scherer, G Palazzo, G 2011, The New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review of a New Perspective on CSR and its Implications for the Firm, Governance, and Democracy, Journal of Man agement Studies, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 899–931. Shapira, B 2002, Organizational decision making, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Thomas, L 2012, Public Policy and Mass Media: The Interplay of Mass Communication and Political Decision Making – Edited by Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten and Katrin Voltmer, Political Studies Review, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.139.

Organizational Ethics Essays - Ethics, Business Ethics, Free Essays

Organizational Ethics Essays - Ethics, Business Ethics, Free Essays Organizational Ethics ETH/316 Organizational Ethics The purpose of this paper is to discuss the findings from the research conducted on the U. S. Postal Service. This paper will discuss the ethical principles and how they can address organizational issues as well as the roles that external social pressure have in influencing ethics, how these issues might be relevant to organizational and personal decisions, and lastly discuss the relationship is between legal and ethical issues of the USPS. How ethical principles can address organizational issues Ethical principles are applied to all type of organization and the ethical obligations extend to all members of an organization which can include the customers, employee, and employer that work for the U.S. Postal Service which is also part of the federal government. Some of the ethical issues that can come up are mail being delivered on a timely basis, hiring and firing of a worker and in some cases the promotions. Ethical principles can address organizational issues because they can help the Postmaster over their location handle an issue in the best ethical way possible. Roles of External Social Pressures There are some issues, but the main issues are the stealing of mail. Having and keeping a positive image is very important for an organization to survive. All employees of the U.S. Postal Service are expected to follow a certain code of ethics and also the rules that are governed by the laws under the Postal Reform (USPS 2014). Social pressure has a major influence on the Postal Service considering the fact that they provide a service to every business and residence in the US and outside of the US. They have one of the largest customer bases in the world and to maintain a positive image to the public the employees personal decision must follow the organizations code of ethics. External social pressures the need to look successful has a lot of influence on organizational ethical decisions. How the issues Relevant to Organizational and Personal Decision Some of the most common principles that are relevant to organizational and personal decisions are personal and social benefits. The security and safety of the mail can be an ethical issue, the number of times that each piece of mail changes hands can provide plenty of potential opportunities for damage or stolen mail to occur. These confidential documents can contain personal information that could lead to identity theft when they are allowed to fall in the wrong hands. I have heard of many stories where the postal worker has stolen mail that contained credit cards, money that was going to a charity to help sick kids or tossed it so that they didnt have to deliver so much. These were personal decision that the employee made that not only had consequences to the employee but also to the post office. According to the United States Postal Service, the Postal Service demands an unwavering commitment to strong ethical values and principled decision making from all of it employees. All pos t employees are required to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws and ethical principles above private gain (USPS, 2014). Relationship between Legal and Ethical Issues Legal and ethical issues both deal with issues within a company or organization and every company has legal and ethical responsibilities when the issues cross the law. The law might not always address ethical issues that happen within all organization because all unethical behavior is not illegal. The situation with the postal worker that stole the money from the charity became a legal issue because it was report to the postal inspector by the charity. The inspector set it up to where they were able to catch the worker with the stolen stuff. What that worker did was not only unethical but also illegal, that worker was giving jail time and also has to pay all the money that was missing back and will not allow the working any federal jobs in the future. That worker was made out as an example to the other workers so that they know what consequence will happen if they stole what did not belong to them. Conclusion In our society today, there are many unethical decisions made for ones own selfishness and greed. It

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